Monday, December 30, 2019

Beowulf And The Epic s Christian Identity - 896 Words

Beowulf and the Epic’s Christian Identity Composed in early eighth century by an unknown author the epic poem Beowulf, follows the exploits of the protagonist of the same name. Originally composed orally by a tribe’s scop, the epic of Beowulf delivers insight on the lives and adventures of characters that lived in the sixth century. Although, the tale of Beowulf was formulated during post Roman collapse by presumably pagan people; written around seven hundred A.D., it is probable that a Christian monk transcribed the grand narrative implanting Christian motifs and ideals into pagan Scandinavian culture. Therefore, the result of this concoction is a blended storyline infused with religious imagery and allusion along with traditional Nordic beliefs of war and honor. The tale, and arguably, the tragedy of Beowulf illustrate the conflict between the Pagan elements and Christian tenets, as aspects of both are present in the epic. The underlying Christian and Pagan values in Beowulf illustrate the iniquity of mankind and it s eventual downfall through allusion to god, symbolism, and vices and virtues of warrior-man. Firstly, Hrothgar’s monologue foreshadows the climax and tragedy of man; moreover, Hrothgar’s speech illuminates the end of both warrior and king. For example, after the battle in which Grendel is defeated, Hrothgar say, â€Å"First and foremost, let the Almighty father be thanked for this sight. I suffered a long harrowing by Grendel. But the Heavenly Shepard can work HisShow MoreRelatedThe Epic Of Epic Poems1106 Words   |  5 Pages Epic poems played a significant role in maintaining historical events during the Middle Ages. With very little written records, epic poems were memorized and passed down as an oral communication for generations. Beowulf was an example of this type of story that may have existed for a century before it was documented. Unfortunately, due to this type of record keeping, there is no accurate account of the time frame that Beowulf was created or even by what author. It could be deduced that thisRead More Christian and Pagan Influence in Paradise Lost and Beowulf Essay4093 Words   |  17 PagesChristian and Pagan Influence in Paradise Lost and Beowulf  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   In Paradise Lost, Milton is adept at drawing from both Christian and pagan sources and integrating them in such a way that they reinforce one another (Abrams 1075). Of course it is a commonplace for critics to believe that Milton valued his Christian sources more highly than the pagan ones (Martindale 20); this is most likely due to the fact that he regarded the Christian sources as vessels of the truth. His classical allusionsRead MoreCulture Is Defined As The Internet And Mass Media1582 Words   |  7 Pagesthroughout a poem. This concept gives readers the ideas of the ‘background’ setting of the situation the poem takes its place. For instance, the poem â€Å"Point of Journeys† by Brenda Francis gives readers a lot of insights to the Indian tribal culture s. In the poem, we can see that the theme revolves around some of the most significant values in Indian tribal culture, which is the spirit of ‘togetherness’ and unity among the Indi ans. Throughout it, we can see, from the perspective of a tribe memberRead MoreWilliam Chaucer s The Wife Of Bath1347 Words   |  6 PagesAnglo-Saxon Era, Medieval Era, to the Age of Reason period; moreover, motifs have changed out of the regular and accustomed angelic Christian that has to repent and believe in God. British literature begins to introduce a new archetype for women that writers follow in stories by describing them with motherly characteristics and taboo ideas in texts, such as the epic poem, Beowulf, Geoffrey Chaucer’s â€Å"The Wife of Bath’s Prologue† and â€Å"The Wife of Bath’s Tale† in The Canterbury Tales, and the play named TheRead MoreReligion Throughout British Literature2205 Words   |  9 PagesWith all the books read in class this year, there has been some type of influence on the way each story was written. From Beowulf to Paradise Lost, there have been many, mostly religious, persuasions in the style and approach to writing of the novel. These influences, whether theyre religious or cultural or psychological, have a deep impact on the story and are reflective of a literary time period. The differences in each story show the changes in the culture, religion, or the way people thoughtRead More A Comparison of Nihilistic and Christian Archetypes in Beowulf and John Gardners Grendel2146 Words   |  9 PagesGrendel, Beowulf and the Relationship Between Nihilistic and Christian Archetypes The Wisdom god, Woden, went out to the king of trolls†¦and demanded to know how order might triumph over chaos. â€Å"Give me your left eye,† said the king of trolls, â€Å"and I’ll tell you.† Without hesitation, Woden gave up his left eye. â€Å"Now tell me.† The troll said, â€Å"The secret is, Watch with both eyes!† Woden’s left eye was the last sure hope of gods and men in their kingdom of light surrounded by darkness. AllRead MoreAmerican Literature11652 Words   |  47 PagesPuritan Times period of American Literature - 1650-1750 Content: ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · errand into the wilderness be a city upon a hill Christian utopia Genre/Style: ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · sermons, diaries personal narratives captivity narratives jeremiads written in plain style Effect: ï‚ · ï‚ · instructive reinforces authority of the Bible and church Historical Context: ï‚ · ï‚ · a person s fate is determined by God all people are corrupt and must be saved by Christ Rationalism / Age of Enlightenment periodRead MoreChildrens Literature13219 Words   |  53 Pagespress, books were rare and precious (Bingham and Scholt 1980). Amusing books written specifically for children would have been economically and psychologically impossible (Townsend 1996). Children would probably have listened to adult works such as Beowulf, Song of Roland, El Cid, King Arthur, and Robin Hood. Children and adults also enjoyed folk tales and literature rich with fantasy and imagination, as myth was the way they made sense of their world. While there were no manuscripts devoted specifically

Sunday, December 22, 2019

Yazoo Land Sale Scandal in Georgia - 1060 Words

One of the most important events that had occurred in the state of Georgia that would forever shape its history begun shortly after the American Revolution. When the cotton gin was invented, Georgia’s economy had transformed into a cotton and tobacco based plantation economy. In order to keep with the demands of the economy and citizens, Georgia had adopted the Headright System. The Headright System granted every head of household large acreages of land, which would quickly replace the small farms in Georgia. Then in 1783, the Treaty of Paris had formally ended the American Revolution. Although the war had ended, the nation was still troubled with various issues. The state of Georgia would see shortly after the Revolutionary War that although the Treaty of Paris had given the Floridian territory back to Spain, they were to be left to settle an international dispute once Spain asserted their ownership of land east of the Mississippi and north of the Yazoo River. Georgianâ€℠¢s who were eager to purchase the large amounts of land found west of the Mississippi to either begin plantations or to sell lands to planters. This would soon cause the climax of much trouble in Georgia when state legislators and land companies would work together to essentially set the prices to sell the land in what would be known as the â€Å"Yazoo Sale† scandal, which would indirectly result in the Trail of Tears. The most important themes and trends in Georgia’s history from the end of the AmericanShow MoreRelatedEffects of The Yazoo Land Sale Scandal862 Words   |  3 Pageschallenges Georgia encountered was settling an international land dispute with Spain. In 1783, the Treaty of Paris formally ended the Revolutionary War and Spain was given back their Florida territory. However, Spain had also asserted ownership of land east of the Mississippi and North of the Yazoo River which Georgia had also claimed. Georgia was left to settle this international land dispu te on their own. Georgia’ solution to this land dispute was to settle the Yazoo Lands. Georgia legislaturesRead MoreThe Two Eras that Made the Supreme Court the most Influential1293 Words   |  6 Pagesunconstitutional making it a landmark case. In this case, the Georgia government approved a land funding, the Yazoo Land Act of 1795. It was revealed that the land had been approved for bribery. Therefore, voters excluded most of the officeholders; the next legislature repealed the law and voided all subsequent transactions in which resulted in the Yazoo land scandal. The Marshall Court said that the state legislatures cancel of the law was void because the sale was a binding contract. Marshall said that the act

Friday, December 13, 2019

The Need for External Acknowledgement Free Essays

string(109) " needs a completely new external source of acknowledgment not linked to his former roles as king and father\." The Need for External Acknowledgement in Shakespearean King Lear â€Å"The impermanence of power and place. That man had it all, but only for a time. â€Å"l –James Baker In William Shakespearean King Lear, the dialog in the hovel between Lear and Edgar, disguised as the mad beggar Poor Tom, represents the pivotal moment in Learner’s path to redemption through self-discovery. We will write a custom essay sample on The Need for External Acknowledgement or any similar topic only for you Order Now Learner’s path to self-discovery begins when he experiences a psychological struggle over the loss of his royal sovereign power and the loss of his role as a father. Shakespeare hints at Learner’s brewing identity crisis when Reagan clarifies that Learner’s problem is not only his age, but also his self-identity. Reagan states: â€Å"Its the infirmity of his age, yet he hath ever but slenderer known himself† (1. 1. 294-5). Later Lear questions Kent in disguise as the servant Caucus. Lear states: â€Å"Dost thou know me, fellow’ (1. 4. 26)? 2 Another hint of Learner’s impending identity crisis comes when Goner† states: These dispositions, which of late transport you From what you rightly are. (1. 4. 213-4) The identity crisis becomes clear when later in Act 1, Lear states: Does any here know me? Why, this is not Lear. Who is it that can tell me who I am? (1. 4. 217-21) Friedman, Thomas. â€Å"Power is Fleeting, Baker Reflects,† The New York Times, February 2, 1990. Secretary of State James Baker describes his reaction to seeing a former White House Chief of Staff from a prior administration, walking alone on the street without any of the trappings of power. !2 Shakespeare, William. King Lear. In The Arden Shakespeare King Lear, New York: Bloomberg, 2014. All future references to the text of the play will refer to this edition by listing the (Act/scene/line numbers). As he divides his kingdom and abdicates his throne, Lear tries to maintain a sense of elf-identity despite being surrounded by a changing political and social environment. Eventually Lear slips into madness as he struggles with a crisis of identity. Lear cannot resolve his identity crisis until he relinquishes his old self and accepts a new concept of selfless. Examining Learner’s dialog with Poor Tom, illuminates Shakespearean method of communicating to the audience how and why Lear resolves his identity crisis. More illuminating than considering Learner’s identity crisis through standard literary critical analysis, one can better understand Learner’s struggle through a philosophical lens. The philosophical ideas George Wilhelm Frederica Hedge’s regarding the formation of selfless, helps explain how Shakespeare presents his theme of self- discovery in King Lear. Hegel contends that inwardness of selfless can only develop in an environment which includes external social interaction. 3 As Lear encounters the storm, he finds himself at the peak of his psychological struggle. The storm prepares Lear to face his identity crisis. When Lear seeks shelter from the storm in the hovel, he still holds on to a vestige of his former identity. Through his conversation with Poor Tom, Lear eventually emerges from the hovel enlightened and transformed with a new self-identity. Thus, through a Hegelian lens, King Lear is a play about social interaction and human nature. Consistent with Hedge’s philosophy regarding the formation of selfless, Poor Tom serves as the necessary external interaction which Lear requires to unify his internal and external selfless. This paper argues that Shakespeare uses Poor Tom’s feint at madness as a means for Hegel, George Wilhelm Frederica. Phenomenology of Spirit,† The Norton Anthology of Theory Criticism. 2nd deed. Deed. Vincent B. Letch, New York: Norton, 2010. P. 541 . Lear to come into knowledge which enables Lear to resolve his identity crisis. Additionally this paper extends the argument by stating that without any interaction with a person independent of the kin gs former court, Lear could not achieve a new self-identity. Hedge’s Philosophy of Self-consciousness The philosophy of self-consciousness as expressed in Hedge’s essay Phenomenology of Spirit helps clarify how Lear resolves his identity crisis. A brief description of Hedge’s ideas on selfless explain the connection to Learner’s self-discovery. Hegel asserts that, achieving solicitousness requires the acknowledgement of the internal selfless by an external other. Hegel states: â€Å"self-consciousness exists in and for itself when, and by the fact that, it so exists for another; that is, it exists only in being acknowledged. â€Å"4 In defining selfless as a two-step process, Hegel asserts that the self has an internal component consisting of a conception of selfless and an external component consisting of a recognition of that selfless by another person. Thus, Hegel asserts achieving and maintaining self- identity requires uniting the internal and external views of selfless into a singular self-identity. Hegel states: â€Å"the notion of this its unity in its duplication. 5 The duplication of selfless stems from a struggle for â€Å"oneness† which forces an adaptation in self-identity. 6 Thus, Hegel contends the resolution of an identity crisis cannot take place solely in the mind of one individual. Resolving an identity crisis requires external feedback. 14 Hegel, â€Å"Phenomenology of Spirit,† The Norton Anthology of Theory Criticism. . 541 . 15 16 Taking a Hegelian approach to Learner’s identity crisis, Lear must interact with and receive acknowledgement from another person, whom Lear perceives as not having a connection to the Kings former selfless. As a disposed king, Learner’s identity crisis mains linked to the void created when he loses the trappings of power associated with his roles as soverei gn and father. Learner’s loss of political and family identity, creates a crisis that pushes him psychologically into unknown territory. Although not considering Shakespeare through a Hegelian lens, William Flesh indirectly supports this view in arguing that Shakespeare had an interest in phenomenology. Flesh asserts: â€Å"In Shakespearean plays self-origination manifests itself most fully under the pressure of loss. â€Å"7 In order to resolve his identity crisis, Lear must break free from what he knows and embrace the unknown. The external feedback Lear receives prior to his interaction with Poor Tom, only reminds the disposed king of who he once was, not who he can now become. Lear needs a completely new external source of acknowledgment not linked to his former roles as king and father. You read "The Need for External Acknowledgement" in category "Papers" Such an external source of acknowledgement offers Lear a means by which he can readjust his selfless. A readjustment that can only come about without a connection to his already internalized former self-identity. Lear needs an interaction which can provide a new frame of knowledge in order to develop an entirely new understanding of his self. A close examination of the play, reveals that Lear experiences such an interaction through his dialog with Poor Tom. The Storm: Preparing Lear to Encounter Poor Tom 17 Flesh, William. Generosity and the Limits of Authority: Shakespeare, Herbert, Milton. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1992. P. 87. By the time Lear meets Poor Tom, Shakespeare has already prepped Lear for his direct interaction with a representation of the common man from the lowest level within British society. In addition, Shakespeare provides the audience with a glimpse of Lear accepting an initial change in his selfless. The storm sets the stage for Learner’s pivotal encounter with Poor Tom. The storm causes Lear to accept a deterioration or softening of his hardened selfless which he forged during his time wielding the power of an absolute monarch. Through the softening of his hardened selfless, Lear prepares to establish a new self-identity. During the storm, Lear comes to understand that as King of Britain, he ignored the daily struggles faced by the masses in Britain. In acknowledging the struggling masses, Lear takes a major step forward in acknowledging his own humanity and toward discovering his limits as a man. Only through his inward exploration, does Lear begin to find the self he was enable to experience as a king. As one can surmise, as king, Lear remained too focused on the hard calculated decisions of maintaining political power and wealth. But through the extremes of the storm, Learner’s hardened selfless starts to soften. Initially Lear only feels sorry for himself and seeks revenge by challenging nature to destroy the entire world, but as the storm continues, Lear is able to develop empathy for others. In gaining the ability to express empathy, Lear opens himself to the community necessary to achieve self-discovery. Lear in stubbornness refuses to return to Gloucester home and enter back into investigation with his daughters. Kent tries in vain to let Lear, allow him to go back to his daughters and ask if Lear may reenter the home and get out of the cold wet storm. Kent makes requests to Lear: Gracious my lord, hard by here is a hovel Some Friendship will it lend you ‘against the tempest Repose you there, while I to this hard house More harder than the stones whereof its raised Which even but now, demanding after you, Denied me to come in – return and force Their scanted courtesy. (3. 2. 61-7) Lear stands in the rain right near Gloucester home, but he refuses to return and work through his issues with his daughters. Even the Fool requests for Lear to be reasonable and go back to his daughters to get out of the cold rain of the storm. The Fool states: O, uncle, court holy water in a dry house is better than this rain-water out door. Good uncle, in and ask thy daughters blessing. Here’s a night pities neither wise men nor fools (3. 2. 10-3) At this point in the play, Lear does not have the ability to be flexible to discuss the issue with his daughters. As king, Lear did not need to negotiate and compromise. By holding on to a selflessness associated with power, Lear cannot act like a common man living in a community with others. By staying out in the storm, Lear isolates himself both physically and mentally. Shakespeare uses the storm to highlight Learner’s inability to confront human nature resulting in Learner’s inability to live amongst others. When Lear can no longer demand his wishes and force others to bend to his will, Lear storms off into an actual storm. Considering King Lear through a Hegelian lens, Learner’s inability to thrive as a member of a community, stands clear as the reason why Lear struggles with an identity crisis. Without the social skills required to connect with an external other and gain acknowledgement for his new selfless, Lear is initially unable to readjust his self-identity. Initially facing the storm, Lear remains defiant. He refuses to acknowledge that his present place in the world, no longer reflects his personal perception of his place in the world. As an absolute monarch, Lear lived in a world that was not the reality of most men. Now as a deposed king, Lear must face the reality of the world as do ordinary men. Such an absolute change in his life gives a shock to Learner’s mental stability. The storm represents a physical manifestation of the violent change taking place in his life. The storm represents the psychological storm raging in Learner’s subconscious. As he protests against his loss of power and status, so does Lear protest its physical manifestation represented by the storm. In seeking revenge, Lear assumes a king like posture in ordering nature to do his bidding. Lear states: Blow winds and crack and crack your checks! Rage, blow! You cataracts and hurricanes, spout Till you have drench our steeples, drown the socks! Vault-courses of oak-cleaving thunderbolts, Singe my white head! And thou all shaking thunder, Strike flat the thick rotundity the world Crack nature’s moulds, germens spill at once That make ungrateful man! (3. 2. -9) Learner’s voice remains constant in the manner by which he commands nature to act. Lear demonstrates that his actions are still driven by his self-identity as a powerful man capable of and in the habit of issuing commands and being obeyed. At this point in the play, Learner’s voice provides insight into his social interaction. Lear lacks the ability to interact well with others as he still considers himself as retaining the power of an absolute monarch. As if he were still king, Lear expects his communication with others to be relatively one sided and in his favor. In this key passage (3. . -9), Lear reveals the frustration of his identity crisis. He asks the gods for a natural disaster to make society pay for the injustice he suffers under the mistreatment of his daughters. Near the end of the passage, Lear strikes more directly at woman in venting his anger with Reagan and Generic. In using the term â€Å"thick rotundity,† Lear describes the world as a pregnant woman. 8 In using â€Å"nature’s moulds,† Lear describes a woman’s womb. Here Lear displays his misogynistic attitude which does not highlight his rage toward mankind, but actually highlights his anger toward his daughters. Learner’s rage toward his starters reinforces that his selfless remains trapped in the same position he was at the beginning of the play. Trapped in a selfless linked to his identity as a powerful king and father, Lear seeks revenge for the threat to this self-identity. Lear seeks revenge against Reagan and Generic for his decline in power and their rejection of him as their aged father. Lear states: I am a man More sinned against than sinning. (3. 2. 58-9) Learner’s rage reveals that he is not yet a broken man. His over-the-top language clearly communicates his delusion as to the grand position which he still believes that he olds. Lear clearly states that he wants Reagan and Generic to feel his wrath. Lear states: â€Å"l will punish home† (3. 4. 16). At this point in the play, what does not happen to Lear is a shift in his self-identity. A shift which his new political and family situations actually necessitate. Without an adjustment in self-identity, Lear feels himself falling into madness. Lear states: â€Å"My wits begin to turn† (3. 2. 68). What happens to Lear is a slide into madness as he fixates on his mistreatment at the hands of Reagan and Generic. Without a shift in self-identity Lear broods over the perceived injustice of hat Reagan and Generic have done to him, and he loses touch with reality. Lear states: O, Reagan, Generic, Your old, kind father, whose frank heart gave you all! 8 263. Editor’s note: Fakes, R. A. , deed. , The Arden Shakespeare: King Lear, New York: Bloomberg, 2014, p. O, that way madness lies (3. 4. 19-21) As the storm continues, Learner’s hardened selfless softens. In trying to stave off madness, Lear shifts his focus away from his desire for retribution against Reagan and Goner†. No longer fixated on his desire for vengeance against his daughters, Lear finally speaks of the common people in England. Lear shifts his focus from his psychological offering to his physical suffering. His physical suffering breaks down his hardened resolve to maintain his selfless unchanged by recent events. Lear states: Poor naked wretches, wherefore’s you are, That bide the pelting of this pitiless storm, How shall your housefuls heads and unfed sides Your looped and windowed raggedness, defend you From seasons such as these? (3. 4. 28-32) Cold and wet, Lear experiences the suffering and pains of the commoners first hand. His physical suffering forces Lear to think beyond himself and feel sympathy for others. Instead of seeking retribution against his daughters, now Lear thinks of his rime in ignoring the harsh plight of his subjects. In a true moment of introspection Lear faults his tenure as king. Removed from the people he ruled, Lear focused more on courtly endeavors than humanity. Lear states: O’ I have eaten Too little care of this. (3. 4. 32-3) When focused on revenge, Learner’s thinks from a perspective of self-centered desire. When Lear concludes he did not govern well as king, he thinks from a perspective of compassion and a sense of community. Shakespeare has Lear come to understand the â€Å"poor naked wretches,† to prepare Lear for his encounter with Poor Tom. In exposing Lear to the suffering of humans when tripped away of all protection of civilization, Lear can know understand Poor Tom and develop a kinship with Poor Tom. Lear states: Expose thyself to feel what wretches feel, That thou Mays shake the superglue to them And show the heavens more Just. (3. 4. 34-6) Without Learner’s enlightenment regarding the â€Å"poor naked wretches,† Lear would not be able to develop a community with Poor Tom. The first step in preparing for an adjustment in selectivity requires a willingness to seek community. Lear cannot receive external acknowledgement for a new self-identity without first developing an openness to community. In feeling the pain of the cold storm, Lear engages his senses that all humans have in common. In connecting with his basic human senses, Lear becomes more open to enter into a community with an external other. From a Hegelian approach the storm clearly prepares Lear to adjust his self-identity. Before the storm, Learner’s hardened self-identity remained focused on his self-interest. As a powerful king all Lear focused on was maintaining and wielding power. Before the storm the former king remains rigid in holding onto his self-identity associated with power. At the start of the storm a zeal for revenge represents the only emotion which Lear can summon. In discovering he was remiss in not caring for his common subjects, Lear softens and opens himself to an adjustment in his self-identity. By the end of the storm, Lear can now display the emotions of empathy and guilt. Lear is now a less rigid character and assumes a range of flexibility with his emotions. Shakespeare uses the storm not as a moment of rebirth for Learner’s personality, but as a moment of psychological breakdown. Only through breaking down his strong self- identity could Shakespeare prepare the character to finally resolve his identity crisis. Following Learner’s feting in the storm, Lear engages Poor Tom from a more malleable psychological state than the Lear who argued with Reagan and Goner†. Inside the Hovel: Establishing a Community Inside the hovel, Lear interacts with a person he considers his equal. Lear finds himself on par with Poor Tom. Unlike the Fool, whom Lear considers one of the trappings of his former power, Lear perceives Poor Tom as a psychologically troubled person Just like himself. In identifying with Poor Tom, Lear can finally gain the knowledge to free himself from constriction of his former conception of selfless. Lear redefines himself by his own humanity rather than by his former wealth, status, and privilege. Poor Tom replaces the Fool as the foil to Learner’s outward conversations with himself. Shakespeare uses these conversations as a means for allowing the audience access to the psychological struggle taking place inside the mind of Lear. In other words, the drama within a drama which plays out in Learner’s self-conscious. The dialog between Lear and Poor Tom in the hovel does little to move the plot forward other than resolving Learner’s identity crisis. While he does not link King Lear to Hedge’s hilltop’s on selfless, literary critic James Carney does support this point when he asserts: â€Å"Shakespeare gives us a scene-? completely unmotivated in terms of its significance to the plot-?in which Lear responds viscerally to his exposure to the laterality of the other person. 9 Only through Poor Tom’s madness, does Lear find what he perceives as an external equal to provide acknowledgment for Learner’s newly formed internal definition of selfless. 19 Kerrey, James. â€Å"Phenomenology and Ethics â€Å"This is above all strangeness†: King Lear, Ethics, and the Phenomenology of Recognition† in Criticism, Summer 2012, Volvo. 54, No. 3, p. 457. But, can Lear, in hi s own state of madness, recognize Poor Tom as a madman and consider Poor Tom his equal from who he can gain knowledge? Professor R. A. Folks, of UCLA, contends that Edger’s disguise as a mad beggar does not influence Learner’s interaction with Poor Tom. In his introduction to The Arden Shakespeare King Lear, Folks argues: â€Å"Edger’s masquerade as the possessed Poor Tom is pretty much confined to one scene, and has little or no effect on the mad Lear, who sees him as a ‘learned Thebes†10 (102). I reject Folklore’s argument based on Learner’s initial perception of Poor Tom as being driven to madness by the neglect of his daughters. While Lear does not consider Poor Tom as possessed by the devil, he does perceive Poor Tom as psychologically troubled. Lear states: â€Å"Didst thou give all to thy two daughters? And art thou come to this† (3. 4. 48-9). In first seeing Poor Tom as a suffering creature shivering in the hovel without clothes, Lear projects his own problems and madness onto Poor Tom. In my view, Folks overlooks the value placed on Learner’s first assessment of Tom as a madman Just like himself. In his unity of effort, Shakespeare intentionally has Lear first bond with Poor Tom as one madman to another madman. Only through bonding on some level of equality an Lear become open to gaining knowledge from Poor Tom. One critic even argues that in his suffering as an outcast, the disguised Edgar may also suffer an identity crisis propelling him into madness. Emollient Bell argues that Edger’s â€Å"assumed madness becomes indistinguishable from the frantic despair to which he has been driven. â€Å"al As the former king, Lear must find a manner in which to Fakes, R. A. , deed. , â€Å"Introduction† in The Arden Shakespeare: King Lear, New York: Bloomberg, 2014, Bell, Emollient. â€Å"Naked Lear,† in Raritan, Spring 2004, Volvo 23, No 4, up. 55-70. P. 102. Connect with Poor Tom as a wise man. Before Lear can philosophize with Poor Tom, Lear first must consider Poor Tom as an equal. In finding an equal, Lear can end his self-imposed solitude and enter into a community. Through a community Lear can finally end his identity crisis by gaining external acceptance for his selfless. In encountering a near naked man, Lear finds himself connected to Poor Tom’s base humanity. Poor Tom represents the true nature of humanity stripped down to the essential. Poor Tom represents the image of Lear stripped away of all the trappings of wealth and power which he had known while he was king. After his experience in he storm, Lear can identify with Poor Tom as a â€Å"poor naked wretch. † During his time in the hovel, Lear refers to Poor Tom as the â€Å"thing itself† (3. . 104). Lear refers to Poor Tom as representative of human poverty. In his perception of Poor Tom as humankind without the varnish of society, Lear finds the common ground which allows him to establish a community with Poor Tom. A key aspect to Poor Tom representing humanity in a base form is the connection of Poor Tom to nature. Shakespeare hints at Poor Tom’s strong con nection to nature early in the play. When Edmund discusses how â€Å"planetary influence† explains his evil tendencies, he ascribes himself using the attributes of a mad beggar (1. 2. 125). Edmund states: â€Å"My cue is villainous melancholy, with a sigh like Tom bedlam† (1. 2. 135-6). By linking the mad beggar with astrology, Shakespeare indirectly hints at a link between Poor Tom and nature. When Edgar describes how he will disguise himself, the description invokes images of an animal. Edgar states: To take the barest and most poorest shape That ever penury in contempt of man Brought near beast. My face I’ll grime in filth, Blanket my loins, elf all my hair in knots†¦ (2. 2. 178-80) When Poor Tom describes the eating of small prey, he describes himself as an animal. He states: â€Å"Poor Tom eats the swimming frog, the toad, the tadpole, the wall- newt† (3. 4. 125-6). Linking Poor Tom to nature reinforces the character as a representation of humankind at a base level without the comforts of society. After experiencing the storm, Lear finds the unvarnished truth of the human condition in Poor Tom’s unvarnished appearance and vulnerable existence. Poor Tom serves as a mirror by which Lear can see his own interpretation of the world. In further defining his initial perception of Poor Tom, Lear states: Have his daughters brought him to this pass? How to cite The Need for External Acknowledgement, Papers

Thursday, December 5, 2019

Issues of Occupational Therapy in Mental Health Therapy

Question: What is the potential for OT's working in the early stages of dementia? Answer: Introduction Dementia is a medical disorder which has an effect on the intellectual purpose of the brain thinking, identification and deciding. This syndrome is characterized by a decline or trouncing in memory and other cognitive aptitudes (Parker and Parker, 2003). Normally, individuals who are suffering from dementia generally have memory loss and problem with other areas for instance: Utterance and writing comprehensible Identifying familiar environments Planning and executing various tasks Corrosion must represent a continuous refuse from a preceding superior level of functioning, and awareness should not be misted up (Maj and Sartorius, 2000). Memory loss is characteristically for latest events, and continuing memory can be exceptionally unbroken. Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is a demur in cognitive function better than accepted, taking relation of the subjects age and culture, which is not paying with actions of everyday living. This is frequently clinically a pre-dementia circumstance. The rational of this stuiy is to identify the potential for OT's working in the early stage of dementia. Dementia also assumes relations caregivers. Near about seventy-five percent of the dementia patients live in the centre of the population, and family caregivers are chiefly accountable for serving them to stay at home. Occupational therapists are communal and healthiness care proficients that facilitate individuals to survive life their mode assisting individuals to keep up the ir each and every day actions and stay self-regulating for as long as achievable after they expand dementia (Patterson and Friedman, 2008). Dementia infrequently schedules alone, it schedule with various and familiar co-morbidities through which GPs are incredibly recognizable. Main context Confronts working with persons with dementia Dementia patients in treatment present confront in the advantageous procedures due mostly to the hallmark cognitive alterations and memory loss connected with the disease (McNamara, 2011). There are three primary concerns in the treatment context comprise: The amount to which recent learning is probably such that recent techniques, compensatory or therapies policies, exactly those including behavioural alteration to address functional to performance difficulties, can be efficiently introduced and successfully utilised. How to efficiently contend with dementia-related behaviours that can disrupt or interfere beneficial procedures and treatment goals and Advances to efficiently involve family members in the beneficial procedures to exploit benefits for patients with dementia. The idea of supportive care is specifically useful in dementia, in that it provide attention on the requirement of supporting both the individual with dementia and the family members from the time of diagnosis. In term of ethical values, this type of supportive care identifies the value of the individual person who diagnosis with dementia. We also provide great emphasis on two specific points, which are utmost significant in dementia care. Firstly, we have a argument on the process of doing the things, so that the individual, who diagnosis with dementia feel a valued person. It is often more significant than the specific structure or frame work of services. Next, we provide huge importance to the families and friendsat the time of giving care the people with dementia. Recent learning Dementia is one of the common syndromes in the community which affects the health of the people largely. Learning and memory are confidentially connected and hard to make a distinction. Learning comprises of getting hold of recent data which alters the peoples acquaintance of performance. The Memory comprises of the preservation of that data. Since, memory and learning both are interdependent on each other, and further memory cannot survive if data learning does not succeed to arise. Memory injury influences performance and everyday performance potentials, and in dementia, it hinders the capability to learn. Redirect is most rigorous in short-term functioning memory and long-term functioning memory. In dementia, self-important memory is the most satisfying memory store, because of the slower rate of worsening contrast to semantic and periodic memory. It is a region of the conserved cognitive ability which helps learning and can sustain psychotherapy goals (Whalley and Breitner, 2009) . Technical memory-sourced training has the perspective of producing constructive possessions on functional and behavioural alter with these inhabitants. By giving an effectual environmental sign to prompt this remembrance system, rehabilitation experts are clever to help relearning of recognizable, meaningful, technical skills essential for everyday functioning. Recent learning is capitalized on when environmental signs are coordinated with the peoples stage of cognitive functioning. Therefore, recognizing a persons cognitive potentials and limitations is essential to make sure secure functional performance (Tan, 2004). Behavioural symptoms Behavioural symptoms are transferred to as the minor demonstration of the disease procedures, are similar in persons with dementia and can take place throughout the way of the disease. Most of the persons with dementia, minimum one or extra behavioural symptoms through agitated-type behaviours being the most distinctive. Behavioural symptoms have a thoughtful consequence on persons with dementia and with their family members. Negotiating life quality, amplifying caregivers load and hazard for the nursing home position, and mounting time used up in concern giving and wellbeing concern costs (Whalley and Breitner, 2009). Occupational therapy services In the centre of the population, experts can help those with dementia to subsist their individuals homes security for on condition that probably through environment assessment and alteration. Occupational therapy interferences for those with dementia engage several advances rely on the occupational therapy custom structure: the sphere of influence and procedures (Braveman, 2006). These approaches contain: Health promotion- the power of the consumers are determined and the concern providers are encouraging fineness, in favoured actions experts can expand their lives Remediation- the remediation of the cognitive abilities is not normal, worldly skills should be restored which may take place in the background of dementia. Maintenance- Experts can choose what is functioning fine in the schedule of the person with dementia, and give sustain to make sure that the individuals ability are preserved for as extended as feasible. Modification- this involvement is possibly the most regularly utilised for those with dementia. As it makes sure, secure and helpful surroundings through alteration and recompense. Causes of Dementia Dementia can be the basis for various different brain disorders. These comprise of: Alzheimer disease- Alzheimer disease is connected with the fatality of nerve cells insignificant section of the brain. Experts have not yet determined chiefly why and how Alzheimer disease expands, but they do be acquainted with that the brain of the person suffering from Alzheimer disease expands dumps of a protein called beta amyloidal, and that individuals also expand muddled plenty of protein threads inside the brain cells commonly recognized as neurofibrillary interweave (Jackson, 2007). Dementia with Lewy bodies- dementia with Lewy bodies is a figure of dementia origins by not normal protein figure commonly known as Lewy bodies shape inside the brain cells. It happens with an indication of Parkinson disease, such as sluggishness, stiffness and wobbly. This muddle frequently causes bright and long-term hallucinations. Lewy bodies with dementia syndrome can also source people to do something out their thoughts. This can origin terrifying to bed partners and from time to time origins to injuries which are not good for both health and mind. It is significant to account this symptom of dementia to a health care provider as it is can be curable with medicine (McCormack, Jaffe and Goodman-Lavey, 2003). Vascular dementia- Individuals with vascular dementia have misplaced or damaged regions of the brain as of abridged blood flow. This can normally happen at the time when the blood vessels present in the brain get congested with blood coagulate or greasy deposits. This appearance of dementia is more familiar in the midst of individuals who have had caress or are at risk for carers, particularly those with established elevated blood pressure and diabetes. It can take place collectively with Alzheimer disease. Parkinson disease dementia- dementia also takes place afterwards in the route of Parkinson disease and has indications that are very comparable to dementia with Lewy bodies. Frontotemporal dementia- as similar to the Alzheimer disease, front temporal dementia occurs nerve cell hammering in the brain, but frontotemporal dementia objectives to precise parts of the brain, known as the frontal and temporal lobes. Frontotemporal dementia normally arises at an earlier stage than Alzheimer disease. Three forms are more common than others: one cause personality changes and abnormal social behaviour, one weaken speech and ultimately leaves the patient not able to utter; another reasons difficulty in understanding language (McNamara, 2011). Other reasons of dementia Dementia can also be hamper by cumulative injure to the brain of a person, which can happen in people with chronic alcoholism or continuous head injuries (e.g., among former professional boxers or football players). Many persons at more advanced old age (80 and huger) have more than single reason of dementia, for instance, Alzheimer disease and vascular dementia. Dementia symptoms Each form of dementia can cause difficulty with reasoning, language, memory and judgement, but the symptoms are often slightly different. The difference between one form of dementia and another form may only be recognizable to skilled health care suppliers who have experience working with people with dementia (Hardman, 2009). Many people are suffering from Dementia syndrome which creates memory problem, and this problem is expanding in the future. This mental disorder causes short term memory loss problems, which is creating a hasty difficulty within the individuals. In the earlier stage person did not able to remember things related to their life. This creates a lot of confusion within them and afterward they face problems with the language such as by not being able to sort out the appropriate words for the things. This creates difficulties to perform work in their workplace (Engdahl, n.d.). Dementia also creates problems in concentrating and reasoning because this syndrome makes difficulties concentrate on one thing. A person cannot be able to concentrate on their work due to this disorder of the brain. As well as reasoning cannot be performed, as they cannot be able to analyse anything which is required to be examined. Other difficulties such as complex tasks also creates a problem to execute, as the p erson could not be able to concentrate, the person tries to concentrate but cannot. As per this syndrome a person can lost in between their familiar places, as the person could not able to remember the place, for that reason that person get lost in a memorable place. These symptoms are observed in the early stage of Dementia syndrome. But in the later stage the disease expanded its form, an individuals capability to think precisely continues to demur, and moreover the behavioural and personality symptoms are more likely to be bothersome (Edwards, 2002). This comprises of the disorientation which decreases the persons ability, and this loss of nerve creates a hasty problem in the health of the person. The persons brain will not work properly like as a normal person. Thus in the above stage an individual can lose his/her temper, thus the anger of the person increases which is very terrible for a human being. It generates aggressive behaviour which in terms affects that person's well-being. Thus Hallucination is the another symptom which is noticed in an individual's actions. Therefore hallucination is the observation in the lack of external incentive that has qualities of genuine perceptions. Most difficult syndrome in this later part is the needing assist with basic tasks. An individual cannot perform their task l onely, they have to get assist of another person for performing work in any place. For example, eating, dressing, bathing, studying, etc. Therefore, the last but not the least symptom of this syndrome is the incontinence, which includes leaking of urine or other waste products of the human body. This symptom is very much dangerous for an individual. The number of symptoms and hasty with which the symptoms develop can be varying from one person to another. Some people even suffer from dementia syndrome within five years of diagnosis, for other individuals this procedure may last for more than 10 years. Maximum people suffer from Alzheimer disease, don't die from this particular disease, as this disease itself dont take lives of people, but people die from a secondary illness occurs such as bladder infection, complication of a fall or pneumonia (O'Brien, Burns and Levy, 2000). Dementia diagnosis To recognize the type of dementia the healthcare providers firstly diagnose dementia, to sort out the type of syndrome. Normally interacting with an individual's the healthcare providers collect data from the patient or speaking with the family members of the patient. The provider will perform such memory and some other cognitive tests which are required to measure the individual's degree with several kinds of problems. Thus, the outcomes of the above tests are observed over time. Basically, brain scan helps the health care provider to sort out the type of dementia syndrome. Also, blood tests are also being performed to check out the hormonal or chemical inequity, or vitamin absence is causal to the person's problems. Thus, several tests are executed on a patient to sort out the type of dementia in an individuals (Maj and Sartorius, 2000). Dementia treatment The treatment for the dementia syndrome normally relies on the type of dementia syndrome. Thus, people suffering from vascular dementia need to control their blood pressure, as well as cholesterol, , to decrease the risk of additional injury of the brain. Individuals with dementia with Parkinsonism, from time to time required medicines to control the Parkinson disease. There are several medicines obtainable in the marketplace for the Alzheimer disease, which are very helpful for the people to recover from the disease (McKeel, 2007). Depression is frequent, in the early phase of the Dementia syndrome. After that, the stress and aggression are well-known issues for the caregivers and individual with the Alzheimer disease is violent behaviour. Lastly but not the least sleeping problem is another problem faced by the dementia patient. A sleep disorder can be delighted with moreover medicines or behaviour alteration. We provide adequate service to the early stage of dementia with proper care provide them essential medicine as well as give them proper respect and make them feel valued. Life with dementia For the people suffering from dementia disorder, it is significant for an individual with untimely dementia to take care for their mental as well as physical health. Occupational therapist and speech pathologists can assist to unite in the home to decrease confusion and stay autonomous for as long as probable. For the caregivers, dementia creates an enormous burden on the family or caregiver of the patient. Individuals with the dementia syndrome become less proficient to pay attention for themselves as the condition develops (Maj and Sartorius, 2002). Thus, dementiaa syndrome is dangerous for the health and mental disorder. Thus, proper treatment is required for this disorder of the brain. People's health continuously defoliated if there is not proper treatment is available. Conclusion Attractive function, encouraging relationship and communal contribution and verdict ways for those with dementia to take pleasure in life are the explanations to flourishing occupational therapy development (Prasher, 2005). By giving knowledge for the consumers, family members and caregiver and encouraging an individuals influences, will make sure that those with the dementia syndrome and their care providers have the sustain essential to living the life to its completes. Confirmation of the knowledge's of an individuals with the dementia point out that when management medication, the sentiment of an individuals with carers and dementia should taken into deliberation, counting their opinions about whether elevation belongings are reasonable. This dementia is a mental syndrome which affects the mind in several ways. Thus, if a person suffers from dementia proper treatment should be provided for the well-being of the person. Therefore, rehabilitation in both cases can be effectual if t herapists carry to the treatment background a sympathetic of the person and their surroundings, utilise effectual communication policies. Recently, there is a lack of proper healthcare system infrastructure which is required for the well-being of the dementia disorder, to overcome this syndrome (Whalley and Breitner, 2009). References Braveman, B. (2006).Leading and managing occupational therapy services. Philadelphia: F.A. Davis. Edwards, A. (2002).A psychology of orientation. Westport, Conn.: Praeger. Engdahl, S. (n.d.).Dementia. Hardman, L. (2009).Dementia. Detroit [Mich.]: Lucent Books. Hening, W. (2009).Restless legs syndrome. Philadelphia: Saunders/Elsevier. Jackson, L. (2007).Occupational therapy provide great services for young generation and childrens under IDEA. Bethesda, Md.: American Occupational Therapy Association. Mahoney, E., Volicer, L. and Hurley, A. (2000).Management of challenging behaviors in dementia. Baltimore: Health Professions Press. Maj, M. and Sartorius, N. (2000).Dementia. Chichester: Wiley. Maj, M. and Sartorius, N. (2000).Dementia. Chichester: Wiley. Maj, M. and Sartorius, N. (2002).Dementia. Chichester: Wiley. McCormack, G., Jaffe, E. and Goodman-Lavey, M. (2003).The occupational therapy manager. Bethesda, MD: AOTA Press. McKeel, D. (2007).Dementia. Oxford: Clinical Pub. McNamara, P. (2011).Dementia. Santa Barbara, Calif.: Praeger. O'Brien, J., Burns, A. and Levy, R. (2000).Dementia. London: Arnold. Parker, J. and Parker, P. (2003).Attention deficit disorder. San Diego, CA: ICON Health Publications. Patterson, J. and Friedman, H. (2008).Against medical advice. New York: Little, Brown. Prasher, V. (2005).Alzheimer's disease and dementia in Down Syndrome and intellectual disabilities. Oxford: Radcliffe. Tan, K. (2004).Recent advances in simulated evolution and learning. Singapore: World Scientific. Whalley, L. and Breitner, J. (2009).Dementia. Abingdon: HEALTH Press. Willard, H., Crepeau, E., Cohn, E. and Schell, B. (2009).Willard Spackman's occupational therapy. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams Wilkins.